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- <text id=90TT0371>
- <title>
- Feb. 12, 1990: Can Planes Just Run Out Of Gas?
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- Feb. 12, 1990 Scaling Down Defense
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- NATION, Page 24
- Can Planes Just Run Out of Gas?
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>The Avianca crash raises a rare but scary worry for nervous
- flyers
- </p>
- <p> Every frequent flyer knows the frustration of circling
- interminably in bad weather, often bouncing in turbulence and
- unable to see much beyond the murk outside the windows. After
- the crash of Avianca Flight 52, which killed 73 passengers just
- 15 miles short of New York's Kennedy International Airport on
- Jan. 25, travelers have a disturbing new question to ponder
- while they wait: Is the plane running out of fuel?
- </p>
- <p> The Boeing 707 had been delayed fully 89 minutes in various
- holding patterns on its scheduled five-hour flight from
- Medellin, Colombia, to New York. Bad weather had stalled 248
- other planes heading for Kennedy that day; in the two hours
- before the Avianca disaster, 33 pilots chose to land at other
- airports. The Avianca crew reported it did not have enough fuel
- to reach its designated alternate, Boston. Apparently because
- of high winds and low clouds, the plane missed its first
- landing attempt at Kennedy. It crashed on its second approach
- when all four engines failed, almost certainly for lack of
- fuel.
- </p>
- <p> Human error is likely to be cited when investigators
- complete their probe of the accident. They must determine if
- enough fuel was loaded in Colombia in the first place. Under
- international regulations an airliner must carry enough fuel
- to reach its destination as well as its assigned alternate,
- plus enough extra to handle at least 45 minutes of delays.
- </p>
- <p> Once in the air, the flight engineer must calculate the
- plane's fuel consumption mathematically and monitor gauges that
- show the rate of consumption and the level in each of the
- aircraft's tanks. Circling at low altitudes, as Flight 52 did,
- consumes more fuel than normal cruising, possibly throwing off
- the engineer's calculations, though not the gauges. Another
- source of trouble could have been the 707's abrupt climb after
- the aborted landing. Aviation experts say this could have
- sloshed what remained of the fuel to the back of the tanks,
- where the fuel pumps cannot reach it.
- </p>
- <p> There is no doubt that the Avianca pilot, a 17-year veteran,
- knew he had a fuel problem, although it is uncertain if he
- understood its extent. Investigators are focusing on whether
- the crew adequately conveyed its concerns to regional air
- controllers and whether these controllers passed the
- information on to the local controllers. Tapes reveal that the
- Avianca crew informed the regional center that its fuel was
- insufficient to reach Boston, but this information apparently
- was not relayed in the "hand-off" between controllers. Still,
- the pilot did not object when the plane was then placed on a
- routine approach to Kennedy that, because of heavy traffic,
- took 38 minutes.
- </p>
- <p> A simple declaration of "emergency" would have put the plane
- on a fast track for landing. But airline pilots, partly out of
- pride and the certainty of a follow-up investigation, are often
- reluctant to take that step. "Complacency in the cockpit,
- failure to recognize and deal with hazards, is the most
- dangerous threat to air safety," says Jerome Lederer, an
- internationally known expert on the subject.
- </p>
- <p> Though the Avianca crash will doubtless make nervous flyers
- even more jittery, experts say the odds of a similar accident
- happening are not great. A flow-control system tightened after
- the 1981 air controllers' strike has reduced circling time near
- U.S. airports by requiring more weather delays to be spent on
- the ground. Fuel shortages turn to catastrophe only if crews
- do not notice or clearly declare their predicament. Said C.O.
- Miller, former chief aviation-accident investigator at the
- National Transportation Safety Board: "The Avianca crew
- apparently failed to recognize or perceive the immensity of the
- problem." In the aftermath, that error is not likely to be
- repeated by other airline crews running perilously low on fuel.
- </p>
- <p>By Ed Magnuson. Reported by Richard Behar/New York and Jerry
- Hannifin/Washington.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-